Smart medical diagnosis for common diseases - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 32 Words: 9526 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? 1. Introduction 1.1. Present Scenario Internet is the latest and the most powerful innovation of mankind. In present era of internet we used computer technology to solve our many problems. Today in every field we use computer technology from education, business, social networking to order a dinner or health check-up. Nobody knows from when human are start using medicine for cure themselves from illness. Many years ago when uncivilized human are lives in cave, deep forest they used various tree, plants leaves as medicine. They give their knowledge to the next generation. There is no MBBS doctors are available at that time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Smart medical diagnosis for common diseases" essay for you Create order The anytime anywhere availability of Internet has made a great impact specially in-terms of reaching customers and making themselves aware of ones products base and services. (Roche, 2010) Going back 15 or more years, when hardly anyone had access to the internet; you would have had to go out to find a doctor for solving your health problems. But now, that the internet is available to many people, so people can visit a virtual doctor clinic. In todays modern society we have MBBS doctors, thousands of medicine for thousands of diseases. If we feel sick, we go to the doctors clinic and doctor diagnosis us, then prescribed some medicine and after taking medicine will fine within few days. But if you went out from your city or you go someplace, where you get sick and you dont have any doctor nearby. What you do then? In Africa there is only 1 doctor among 5000 people. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. There are many places where people are dying because of some common diseases. Just some common medicine can help them. Now if I asked you What if you could visit a doctor, any time of day or night, without leaving your home and that doctor could review your history, diagnose your problem and also give you prescription? Now you are thinking how is it possible? Ok you need just an internet connection and computer and Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases onlinesoftware will do it for you. 1.2. Topic of the Project The Project is titled Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases. It will be a generic software package for a medical clinic. The system will be able to act as a web-based solution for medical symptom checker. It will prove to be asset for both the doctor as well as their patient. 1.3. Targeted Audience Target audience or user is one of the main concerns on how and why a system is been developed, who is going to use this system. The target users of Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine have been categorized into three types. Target audience Application Administrative/Managerial Staff Customizing the application to suit companys needs Adding and Managing Pages Register Doctor Patient Can use virtual doctor. Chat with doctor Create Forum Send Message to others Upload Personal Details Use Medical Symptom checker Doctor Chat with patient Medicine search engine Symptom Checker 1.4. Problem Context Internet enthusiastic people want to use internet to solve their medical problems. But there is no good local site that can provide this kind of facility. This kind of website is perfect for them who dont have time to visit a doctors clinic for minor Where doctor is unable, we used this kind of technology to help people. Presently, There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In this country this kind of system will help people if it can be implemented. . 1.5. Rationale behind the System The following has highlighted some of the most common benefits of the Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine Because of the existence of the identified problems, there is a need for such project. This project consists of some on-line web application which provides guides to the patient. The system will be using advanced algorithm to design a virtual medical agent. The benefits gained from this project are: User can contact with doctor easily from their home or office. Doctor can easily manage their patient. Patient can gain medical knowledge from using this system. Smart Symptom checker can help patient anytime. 1.5.1. Proposed Solution Patient who have some knowledge of using internet doesnt need to visit to doctor for common diseases life fiver, Pain, stomatitis etc. It also helps community and skilled health workers, supported by automated assessment and treatment protocols, can rapidly expand the delivery of health care in developing countries The spread of mobile phones and web services makes new models of healthcare delivery possible at everyones hand. Proven technology will allow developing countries to leapfrog the knowledge gap between doctors and patients User can learn about healthcare tasks from this system. Doctor doesnt need to remember all the name of medicine and their purpose. Doctor can find details of a medicine just a click of a search button. Ground-breaking but proven technology allows rapid development, review, and updating of complex automated guidelines by medical professionals without it intervention. 1.6. Benefits of the System Development and Implementation of such a system will bring in a lot of benefits for the business, its employees and its customers (both current and potential). These benefits can be classified into Tangible and Intangible which are discussed in details below:- The system help doctor to make faster diagnosis. Using medicine search engine doctor can get any medicine information with in a second. Various medical tools like BMI calculator, symptom checker etc. will help doctor as well as patient to solve their problems easily. System administrator can easily manage the system using content management system. The system will use roles and permission levels, to maintain confidentiality of private data of administrator, doctor and patient. Patient can use chat services to chat with doctor. The presence of certain services offered by the system on the mobile web will also ensure that the system can be accessed from anywhere anytime. 1.7. Challenges Involved Developing a system such as this will involve a host of challenges for the developer. The major challenges can be classified under:- 1.7.1. Domain Challenges: Data Gathering and Domain Analysis: Due to the developers unfamiliarity with the work-flow and the processes followed in the online Symptom Checker it will become a challenging task to develop awareness about the medical service domain. Implementation of Customizability: The biggest challenge of developing a system like this is its implementation itself. There is high percentage of risk involved in development and implementation of a system like this. The main challenge is to understand the base concepts involved in designing and developing Smart Medical Diagnosis. The developer will also need to follow a modular and object oriented approach in developing this system for enhancing reusability, abstraction, encapsulation and polymorphism. Content Management System (CMS): Understanding and Implementing a CMS integrated with a system like this will require the developer to design the complex architecture of the system in prior so that his/her concepts are clear regarding the control flow of the system and no module infringes each other. This will also require him/her to study existing CMS such as Joomla and Drupal and understand their architecture and working. Database Designing and Normalization: Designing a database for a generic customizable system like this is challenge in itself. The fields and data types of the table along with the tables itself are not fixed or pre-defined. The developer needs to code keeping in mind user customization may need to create these database objects dynamically and hence needs to keep a scope for their creation and modification. Apart from this, there needs to be a big centralized database, which is capable of storing large amount of data and about a large number of entities. The relation between these large numbers of entities will be needed to be figure out and a complex normalization has to be implemented in designing a database like this. Implementation of 3-Tier Architecture: In order to enhance scalability, performance, reliability and robustness of this system, the developer will need to implement 3-Tier architecture for developing this system which is a challenging task keeping in mind the size and complexity of the systems database. Algorithm for Customizing the site and Symptom Checker: The developer will require to showcase solid understanding for logics and algorithms in order to develop the module where the administrative users can add or edit new pages, new symptom option where he/she will be able to add its name description along with the algorithm that will be followed for generating a definite result. 1.7.2. Technical Challenges: PHP: The system will require the developer to use advanced PHP functionalities like Personalization, Forum, Blog and Emailing which will be used in various modules of this system. Develop a PHP base application is harder as compare to develop same application in ASP.NET using visual studio. Visual studio generates code for you debug for you and its also save time. But PHP is challenge as compare to asp.net. Cause PHP doesnt have any IDE and very code you need to write it down in a text editor. Finding an error is also a head ace. But for learning purpose PHP is great. Thats the reason I chose PHP as main web development language. Web Based system: Making an interactive web based system is difficult. Implement a dynamic web site is harder than making a desktop application. We need to take care of network, client server, band width to make project successful. AJAX and JavaScript / jQuery: For designing an intuitive and dynamic interface so that users have a rich experience availing features like data entry assistance, error prevention, etc. The developer needs to have in depth knowledge of AJAX as well as JavaScript or jQuery. Implementation of AJAX is not easy task for a developer who is new to web development. I just know little PHP and HTML. It will be a challenge for me to implement Ajax in this project. AJAX makes web application fell like a desktop application. CSS: Most people who are new in web development cant able to understand how to lay out a page. They just try to drug and drop div, table using Dreamweaver or any HTML design tools with underrating the advanced concept of CSS. And ended up with Advanced Database Concepts with MYSQL: For designing such a complex database that the system requires the developer needs to have a concrete understanding of database concepts like Normalization, Query Optimization, Views, and Permissions. He/she should also require familiarity with MYSQL. MOBILE OPTIMIZATING : For optimizing the web application for mobile phones and handheld devices the developer needs to have extensive skills in WML, mobile web as well as an understanding of how to integrate WML with server side scripting technologies 1.8. Goals behind developing the System 1.8.1. Project goal When people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely. Online smart diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis. 1.8.2. Academic Goal To recall and analyse and implement the understanding and concepts learnt in the complete course curriculum through various modules as well as on individual level and implement all of it in order to come out with a complete computing project of industry standard To document and publish the deliverables professionally following the standards followed in industry. 1.9. Objectives of the System 1.9.1. Project Objectives To come up with a complete automation solution for online symptom diagnosis. To keep the design, architecture, implementation flexible so as to allow customization by the system administrator. Optimize information presentation and service interface according to the capability of the device requesting it. To use communication channels apart from HTTP like Email, SMS and WAP for supplying quality information and services to customers and company employees. To ensure that the web is bug free and that it runs equally and efficiently on all browsers and platforms 1.9.2. Academic Objectives The prime objective is to learn nitty-gritties of project management and project development lifecycle, implementing it in developing the system and gaining experience in it. Learn Content Management System (CMS) To learn and apply the various Web Development Methodology and Human Computer Interaction Design Principles to the system design. Web accessibility To learn and master the advance features of PHP, MYSQL and associated technologies. To learn the internal work-flow and procedures that is followed medical diagnosis. 1.10. Success Criteria To determine whether the project is a success or a failure parameters such as the quality of application developed as well as the quality of project documentation will be analysed. The quality of application will include the degree to which requirement was fulfilled, the degree of user-friendliness of the system as well as the ability to run swiftly, consistently and error-freely on multiple browsers. 1.11 Scope and Functionalities of the System Scope limits the project. It defines where in the project the developer should call it stop. It determines to what extent the system will support functionalities and beyond what the system facilitates no feature or functionalities. 1.11.1. Functionalities to be implemented The functionalities to be incorporated into the system which in turn will decide the scope of the system have been classified into 3 categories on the basis of their complexity and exclusiveness. They are:- 1.11.1.1. Core Functionalities:. Symptom checker is an automatic smart software agent that can ask question to patient about their problem and it analysis the problems and diagnosis the debases of the patient Chat Services Patients can text chat with doctor. Forum User can create, post delete thread in forum Messaging User can send message to each other CMS(Content management System) Admin can create update and delete pages. Medicine search engine Doctor can use medicine search engine to know about works of a particular medicine Registration of Doctor And Patient . Patient Can upload his/her medical history. Secure and configurable user access through individual user logins and passwords. Users can change their password. 1.11.1.2. Enhanced Functionalities: Design the virtual doctor using artificial intelligent Video chat service Create user blog Full Mobile based services Full customizing user profiling. 1.11.1.3. Special Functionalities Various tool boxes for doctor BMI Calculator, BRM calculator, Body fat calculator. Voice chat and VoIP 1.11.2. Scope of the Project This projects main aim is to give perfect medical information to the user through internet. It will save time and money of both doctor and patient. The patient who dont have the time to visit the clinic of the doctor for some common issue they can use this system. This kind of system already in market like virtual doctor, WEB MD, Online health, but none of them works on mobile platform. As Smart Medical Diagnosis also works on mobile platform, anyone with wap enable mobile with GPRS, EGDE or 3G can access his web services and get information about medicine and diseases. 1.11.2.1 Scope Limitation Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases is an online application. Without internet this system doesnt work WAP Based mobile not able to display the webpage chat required high speed internet connection Symptom checker may be diagnosis wrong if patient give wrong input Serious medical problems cant be solved using this system Only some common diseases can be diagnosis 1.12. Feasibility Study By the means of feasibility study one can find out if an information system project can be done, and if so, how. A feasibility study should answers the following question: Whether the project can be done; What are alternative solutions? What are the criteria for choosing among them? Is there a preferred alternative? After a feasibility study, a decision is taken on the go ahead/no go of the project. There are a many types of feasibility study that are used for analysis of Information System. In this project the developer has restricted the feasibility study to Technological Feasibility Study and Schedule Feasibility. 1.12.1. Technical Feasibility Study The technical feasibility study compares the level of technology available in the software development firm and the level of technology required for the development of the product. Here the level of technology consists of the programming language, the hardware resources, Other software tools etc. (All About Information Technology) In this project the hardware and software required as the application will be deployed on a apache server, PHP 5.3 With ZEND Framework and mysql 5 Server will not be big ask at present scene. On the Client End the application just requires any current java script enable web browser. 1.12.3. Operational Feasibility Study Operational feasibility study tests the operational scope of the software to be developed. The proposed software must have high operational feasibility. The usability will be high. It is basically used to analyse whether the system will be used if it is developed and implemented. Whether there will be resistance from users that will affect the possible application benefits? Data gathering methods such as questionnaire and interviews have been incorporated in the development plan to ensure all user requirements are collected well in hand to develop the system. We also provide help manual to better understand the tystem. 1.12.3. Schedule Feasibility Study Schedule Feasibility is an assessment whether the project will be able to complete on time. Since the project deadline is fixed i.e. 32 weeks. Each project phase time-line has been established with certain milestones also including some form of deliverables like PPF, PSF and Mid-Point the project-schedule is realistic and well within reach if the established schedule is followed precisely. 1.13. Major Project Deliverables Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Draft Proposal PPF Ethical Form PSF log sheet Hard copy Soft copy Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Start date: 27th July 2010 Duration: 31 Weeks End date: 20th March Project Development plan and Time Estimation. S.no Phase Tasks Weeks 1 Formulation (total 10days) Idea Generation Project Title Selection Feasibility Studies Abstract Draft Project Proposal Weeks -1.5 2 Planning (total 18 days) Work Breakdown Structure Schedule and Time Estimation Critical Path Method Interviews Gantt Chart Project Proposal Form Weeks -2.5 3 Analysis (total 49 days) Identify project specifications Project Background Resources required Techniques to be learnt Goals and Objectives Determine System Functionalities Identify scope of research Project Specification Form Investigation ad Research Programming Human Computer Interaction Multimedia Design Principles User requirements Drifting Analysis User Profiling Domain analysis System analysis Risk analysis Weeks -7 4 System Design (Total 49 days) Tasks: Navigational Design Story Boarding Process Diagram Abstract Interface Design Screen layout Content Design Interactivity Design Functionality Design Midpoint Interview Weeks -7 5 Implementation (Total 28 days) Code generation Module Integration Weeks -4 6 Testing and Evaluation (Total 35days) Test Plans Unit Testing Integration Testing System Testing Critical Evaluation Weeks -5 7 Project Ending (Total 35days) Submission of the finished product Presentation Weeks -5 2. Problem Description When people are sick, they must make critical decisions about when and where they should receive healthcare. Unfortunately, most people lack the medical knowledge needed to make these decisions safely. Online Smart Diagnosis is powered by a computer program that performs symptom triage. The goal of symptom triage is to decide when, and where, you should seek care when you have symptoms. Symptom triage does not replace a physician evaluation or make a diagnosis. Over the past 12 years, healthcare professionals in the U.S. government and major managed care organizations have used the program extensively, proving its effectiveness. Like FreeMD.com improves medical outcomes by helping consumers determine the most appropriate time and place to receive care from a healthcare professional. (How it Works) With so many options for care today, its becoming more important for you to know where you should get care when you develop symptoms. Choices include: Emergency Room Urgent Care Center Physician Office Physician eVisit (via the web, e-mail, or phone) Dentist Office Nurse Retail Clinic Your choice on where to get care is important because not all of these locations are equipped to treat all health problems. If you make the wrong choice, you risk delaying your diagnosis and treatment. A wrong choice could also lead you to over-pay for the same care you could have received in a less expensive setting. Online Smart Diagnosis was created to safely direct you to the right location: where you get the care you need, without paying more than you need to. Online Smart Diagnosis performs a medical interview, just like a real doctor. During the interview, you answer questions about your symptoms and past medical history. Online Smart Diagnosis is designed to be fast (average encounter time is less than 2 minutes), so you get help fast! At the end of the process, FreeMD.com generates a report that provides the following information: What might be causing your symptoms? When should you see a doctor? Where should you seek care? What kind of doctor should you see? What should you do to care for yourself? There are many palaces in the world where you cant find a single doctor. There are only 54 doctors per 100,000 peoples in Africa. Presently, Kenya has slightly more than 5,000 doctors. In many parts of the world, far too many children and adults are dying unnecessarily from easily treatable diseases. In a world where many of us take basic healthcare for granted, one in six children in Zambia will still not reach the age of five. Too often this problem is simply due to the lack of access to effective primary healthcare. Whether it is the huge distances to health centres and lack of transport, the lack of doctors in many regions, or the simple shortage of resources such as medications, very often easily treatable conditions are left until it is too late. From above information we can say, there is a desperate lack of primary healthcare available to rural communities in many parts of the world due to their geographical isolation, shortage of doctors, and lack of resources. The Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases Project is an innovative new venture that aims to use mobile clinics and internet to save lives. 3. Literature Review Development of successful project starts with a solid and deep Research. Thus, Research will be an on-going process throughout the project. Researches need in every phase let it be planning, user interface designing or anything and especially when you are in process of building comprehensible website. The research area will also consist of the development process model which will be used for the project. Getting good hands on programming languages and mastering back-ends will also be a challenge and research work. For developing this project I am going to flow Web Engineering model. I think this is the best model to make web based project. 3.1. Web Engineering and WebE Process model: As Web-based systems play increasingly important roles in a number of applications, the demands placed on these systems and their complexity have also increased significantly. Also, there is growing need for improved quality, performance and availability of Web-based systems as we are now more dependent on Web-based systems than ever before. But, most Web-based systems are poorly developed in ad hoc manner and hence they exhibit poor performance and are susceptible for major failures. Web-based system development, in most cases, lacks rigour, systematic approach to design, disciplined development process and quality control and assurance procedures. Hence, there is growing concern about the performance, quality, integrity, maintainability and scalability of complex Web based systems. Web engineering advocates a process and a systematic approach to development of high quality Web-based systems and aims to bring the potential chaos in Web-based system development under control and enha nce scalability, maintainability and quality. It is a rapidly emerging as a new discipline for successful development and deployment of large Web-based systems in a range of applications. Web Engineering is an evolving development methodology dedicated to the development of superior Internet and Web Applications. It advocates a standardized process and follows a systematic approach. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999) Web engineering principles and approaches can fix the issues related to web development methodology gaining complete control over the process, minimizing risk and improving the quality and maintainability (Ginige Murugesan, 2000) Web Engineering Activities Successful Web-based system development and deployment is a process, not just an event as currently perceived and practiced by many developers and academics. Web engineering is a holistic approach and deals with all aspects of web-based development, starting from concerting and development to implementation, performance evaluation, and continual maintenance. (Suh, 2005) (Suh, 2005) Web Engineering Development Process: Reasons behind choosing the WebE process model Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases :going to be a web based project and as developer have chosen web engineering model, it would be easy and profitable to follow the process model suggested under the web engineering. The WebE process model is deliberately developed for the web applications and it addresses the specific needs of a web application which differs from the traditional software and is not addressed by the traditional software methodologies, too. Developers system is a web based system and would have a feature that can be looked after only by a dedicated web process model and thats why I found WebE useful. Take time to understand the business needs and product objectives, even if WebApp details are vague. Describe how users will interact with the WebApp using a scenario-based approach Develop a brief project plan. Spend time modeling what you are going to build 3.2 Academic Research Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine is a project where research is going to be very crucial. I have contact with doctor for gathering information. Some of friends who are medical student are going to help in making the database. There are already some system are on the market. From this kind of system I can learn, how I can make this kind of system. Academic Research means extracting information from others hard earned experiences like going through books, journals, paper presentations and other published materials. My project has multidirectional requirements Medical Since this project deals with Medical, patient and so I will need to go through various Medical books so that at least I should have an idea how can I make a virtual medical agent. Patient I have to understand what a patient want from a doctor. What kind of patient should able to use this kind of system? Software Engineering Techniques Web engineering , Mobile WEB technologies Network and Internet Databases there will be a huge use and requirements for databases, since everything will be stored at backend. So I will need a secure, big database Reports generation The books that I would refer would cover both the technical and the domain aspects: The list is as follows: Pressmen, RS 2001, Software Engineering A Practioners Approach, Tata McGraw Hill, New York. Jalote, P 2005, An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering,Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Kolkatta. RamaKrishnan, R Gehrke, J 2000, Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw Hill, Singapore. Shneiderman, B 2005, Designing the User Interface Strategies for Effective Human- ComputerIinteraction, Pearson Education, New Delhi. Welling, L Thompson, L 2006, PHP and MySQL Web Development, Dorling Kindserley Publishing Inc., New Delhi. Dubois, P 2004, MySQL Cook Book, Shroff Publishers Distributers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Kendall, EK Kendall EJ 2004, System Analysis and Design, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. American Medical Association Guide to Talking to Your Doctor, The American Medical Association, New York. Navathe, B, Elmasri, R, Somayajulu, VLN, Gupta, SK 2008, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Dorling Kindserley, New Delhi. Mercer, DW, Kent, A, Nowicki, SD, Mercer, D, Squier, D, Choi, W Eide-Goodman, H 2004, Beginners PHP, Willey Dreamtech India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. The websites that I would like to refer are: https://www.freemd.com/ https://www.consumercomplaints.in/complaints/virtual-pc-doctor-c403217.html https://www.everydayhealth.com/ https://web-md.com/ https://cs.pervasive.com/blogs/sql4psql https://www.php.net https://www.mysql.com www.sourceforge.net https://www.w3schools.com/Ajax/Default.Asp https://www.w3schools.com/CSS/Default.Asp https://www.crm2day.com/index_6.php https://crm.ittoolbox.com/ www.parenonline.net https://www.pmi.org/Pages/default.aspx https://whatis.techtarget.com https://www.phpfreaks. https://www.haskell.org https://www.visual-prolog.com/ 3.3 Researches on Similar System Compression chart between Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engineand other similar system those are available in the market like Free-MD, Virtual Doctor. Features Smart Medical Diagnosis Free-MD irtual Doctor CMS Based system Yes No No AJAX Used Yes Yes No Chat services Text Chat No No Virtual doctor agent Yes Yes Yes Contact with Real Doctor Yes No No Mobile Support Yes No No Forum Yes No No 3.4. Content Management System A Content Management System (CMS) is a piece of software that runs on a server. Typically a database application, a CMS makes it easy to publish and administrate content. Some basic features that is common to all CMSes: Decentralized maintenance. Typically based on a common web browser. Edit anywhere, anytime. Bottlenecks removed. Designed with non-technical content editors in mind. People with average knowledge of word processing can create the content easily. No HTML skills required. Configurable access restrictions. Users are assigned roles and permissions that prevent them from touching content in which they are not authorized to change. Consistency of design is preserved. Because content is stored separate from design, the content from all authors is presented with the same, consistent design. Navigation is automatically generated. Menus are typically generated automatically based on the database content and links will not point to nonexistent pages. Content is stored in a database. Central storage means that content can be reused in many places on the website and formatted for multiple devices (web browser, mobile phone/WAP, PDA, printer). Dynamic content. Extensions like forums, polls, shopping carts, search engines, news management are typically drop-in modules. A good CMS also allows for truly user defined extensions. Daily updates. You do not need to involve web designers or programmers for every little modification you are in control of your website. Cooperation. Encourages faster updates, enforces accountability for content editors via log files and promotes cooperation between authors. Content scheduling. Content publication can often be time-controlled; hidden for previews; or require a user login with password. In this project I will try make CMS. Manu, image, pages etc. will be created dynamically. 3.5. Architecture of the System The popularity of online medical diagnosis is growing day by day. Lots of internet user and doctors are using this kind of services every day. There are many online medical diagnosis system is available like web-md, virtual doctor, symptom-checker, everyday health. Those existing web diagnosis system is designed using existing technologies like Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), ASP.Net, PHP, JavaScript, secure socket layer(SSL) that drive the internet. These technologies follow the well-known Client Server Architecture. The client-server system over the internet works well for online medical diagnosis but required high speed internet connection. Here the client is provided with an interface, implemented as XHTML in PHP, for the auction floor. The client carries out patient information through chat interface. PPH 3 tire Clint Server Architecture Reason for adopting Client Server Architecture- When we need to connect two computers we need network. For remote diagnosis a patient using internet connection we need some kind of architecture by which we can connect them so client server is the perfect solution for this system Client/Server architecture allows for the implementation of relational databases, which allows users to access data in many ways. Content Management System (CMS) A content management system (CMS) is a system used to manage the content of a Web site. Typically, a CMS consists of two elements: the content management application (CMA) and the content delivery application (CDA). The CMA element allows the content manager or author, who may not know Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), to manage the creation, modification, and removal of content from a Web site without needing the expertise of a Webmaster. The CDA element uses and compiles that information to update the Web site. The features of a CMS system vary, but most include Web-based publishing, format management, revision control, and indexing, search, and retrieval. (Svarre, 2006) The Web-based publishing feature allows user to use a template or a set of templates approved by the system, as well as wizards and other tools to create or modify Web content. The format management feature allows documents including legacy electronic documents and scanned paper documents to be formatted into HTML or Portable Document Format (PDF) for the Web site. The revision control feature allows content to be updated to a newer version or restored to a previous version. Revision control also tracks any changes made to files by individuals. An additional feature is indexing, search, and retrieval. A CMS system indexes all data within an organization. Individuals can then search for data using keywords, which the CMS system retrieves. The benefits of CMS is that user can modify add delete content of a web page easily and user doesnt want to know any kind of code or technical knowledge of software. It is like using a MS office. To design a CMS system developer must have a good knowledge of database and web technologies. CMS is easy for user but heard and more time consuming than general website development. 4. Research Method 4.1. Primary Research Primary research was performed to gather preliminary information in order to proceed further in the development of the system. Since literature review and academic research concluded most technical and domain study, it was necessary to involve end-users in the development of the system. The developer planned to gather user requirements to gain more information on the feasibility, functionality and the usability of the system. The primary research is conducted by the developer to understand user needs. The developer need to understand the need of patient, how a doctor diagnosis diseases, what user like to use for better understanding of the project. This type of research comes under primary research. These techniques are done in the first phase of any methodology. There are various processes of data gathering techniques which the developer has used are listed below: 4.1.1. Questionnaires Questionnaires are an inexpensive way to gather data from a potentially large number of respondents. Often they are the only feasible way to reach a number of reviewers large enough to allow statistically analysis of the results. A well-designed questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both the overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. If the questionnaire includes demographic questions on the participants, they can be used to correlate performance and satisfaction with the test system among different groups of users. (Questionnaire Design, 2009) Reason of using questionnaires A Questionnaire can be quite inexpensive to developer. Although preparation may be costly, any data collection scheme will have similar preparation expenses. The cost per person of a questionnaire can be as low as postage and a few photocopies. Time is also an important resource that questionnaires can maximize. If a questionnaire is self-administering, such as an e-mail questionnaire, potentially several thousand people could respond in a few days. It would be impossible to get a similar number of usability tests completed in the same short time. Questionnaires will save time and money of developer. Benefits Justification Generally it is relatively quick to collect information and also chip. However in some situations they can take a long time not only to design. . Thus it helps the developer to save time and money. Helps the researcher to gain answers to embarrassing questions. People are more likely to tell the truth if they can do so anonymously than if they have to tell an interviewer face to face. They can also be useful for collecting sensitive information. Thus it will help the developer to get correct information about the system development. They usually are self-administered by the respondent. People find difficult to answer the questions if they are not self- explained. As questionnaires are made to be self-answered. Therefore it helps the developer to get information which he wants from the user. Categorizing the responses of open-ended questions may require use of content analysis. The open ended questions help the developer to get information about the features of the software. It helps to get information from different type of people. The developer cannot go to each and every person. Therefore by distributing the questionnaires to large group of people helps the developer to get wide range of solution for the system. ( Milne, 1999) Some disadvantages of questionnaires: Questionnaires, like many evaluation methods occur after the event, so participants may forget important issues. Questionnaires are standardized so it is not possible to explain any points in the questions that participants might misinterpret. This could be partially solved by piloting the questions on a small group of students or at least friends and colleagues. It is advisable to do this anyway. Open-ended questions can generate large amounts of data that can take a long time to process and analyses. One way of limiting this would be to limit the space available to students so their responses are concise or to sample the students and survey only a portion of them. Respondents may answer superficially especially if the questionnaire takes a long time to complete. The common mistake of asking too many questions should be avoided. Students may not be willing to answer the questions. They might not wish to reveal the information or they might think that they will not benefit from responding perhaps even be penalized by giving their real opinion. Students should be told why the information is being collected and how the results will be beneficial. They should be asked to reply honestly and told that if their response is negative this is just as useful as a more positive opinion. If possible the questionnaire should be anonymous. ( Milne, 1999) Name: Date: Questioners for Patient System Name: Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine 1. Do you have an Internet connection at home? Yes No 2. What kind of mobile phone do you use? A basic phone just for calling JAVA based mobile Smart Phone (e.g. -Nokia Symbian Phone, Windows Mobile ) Mobile Computer ( e.g.- Google Android Phone, Nokia N900 ) No Idea 3. Do you use internet in your mobile phone? Yes No 4.Which bowsers you used most? IE Opera Mizilla Firfox Google Chrome Safari 5. Have you use any online virtual medical diagnosis or virtual doctor earlier? Yes (Please mention name of the application) No 6. How often do you visit internet? Everyday Two to three times a week Once a week Once a month or less 7. In this system we offer two kind of medical diagnosis. Which one you prefer most? By software. By doctor through chat or video conference Questions used for data gathering 8. For what kind of diseases you like to use this online Smart Medical Diagnosis For minor issue For common diseases like cold, fever. For all kind of diseases that can be diagnosis through online. 9. What kind of current technology is best for you to contact with a your Doctor through online? Text Chat Voice Chat Video Confersing Email Forum 10.How this system will help you? It will save your time and money because you dont need to visite a doctors clinic. It will increase your knowledge in medicine It will help you when you dont get a doctor nearby. Name: Date: Questioners for Doctor System Name: Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases with Medicine Search Engine 1. Do you think that it is possible to diagnosis patient using computer software? Yes No Please give some reason of your answer .. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat Yes No Please give some reason of your answer 3. Do you think medicine search engine will help doctor because of they dont need to remember all the name and works of medicines. Yes No 4. Is BMI Calculator, BMR Calculator, Body Fat Calculator health tool box will helpful for a doctor to diagnosis a patient? Yes No 5. What kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? For minor issue For common diseases like cold, fever. For all kind of diseases that can be diagnosis through online. 6. What kind of current technology is best for you to diagnosis patient through online ? Text Chat Voice Chat Video Confersing Anyother (Please mention the name of the technology below) .. .. 7. Do you think this system will help patient when they dont get a doctor nearby or patient dont have a time to visit a doctors clinic for a minor or common health issue ? Yes No (Please give some reason of your ) . .. 4.2. Secondary Research 4.2.1. Methodology Reasons for choosing the WebE process model: This project is an web based project and WebE is the best model compare to other models for web development. The WebE process model defines a few testing strategies which are optimized for a web application. These techniques are not found under any under any other software development model. With the project being an evolutionary product, the room for evolution in the WebE development model makes it worthwhile to follow. WebE model deliverables such as navigational design, architectural design, content design and configuration design are received at the end of Engineering phase. These deliverables plays a major role in future development phase acting as a reference model, ensuring quality of the final product developed. So it is all the more preferable to follow WebE model. (S. Murugesan, Y. Deshpande, S. Hansen and A. Ginig, 1999) WebE process model gives the developer the desired flexibility to support scope refinement after increments. CMS based system changed and increment day by day so this model is perfects this project. 4.2.2. Technical Research 4.2.2.1. Platform and Programming Language Research In todays internet market is dominated by three Platforms PHP (PHP: Hypertext Pre-processor) With Apache ASP.NET With IIS JSP (JavaServer Pages) For this project I am going to use PHP add Apache as Platform. I choose PHP because of it is the only web based language I know. I have little idea about ASP.NET and JSP. PHP over ASP.NET PHP is an open source whereas ASP.NET comes under copyrighted Visual Studio from Microsoft. PHP is a relatively simpler language to use than ASP.net. Initially, PHP was written in the C programming language to replace a set of scripts in Perl. That is the reason why coding in PHP remains simple even today. Many developers find themselves to be more at ease with the user-friendly nature of PHP when it comes to coding. However, critics also count this advantage of PHP as a disadvantage. Some of them maintain that the language of PHP has not been updated much, and hence it is still quite archaic and even, somewhat cumbersome for coding. ASP.net, which is a relatively new development, has a lot of options when it comes to languages. Here, you can use languages such as C#, J#, C++ and VB.net. Hence, when it comes to sheer choice, ASP.net has better to offer. But PHP is no less, since it can do its task quite well, even with its minimum language tools. PHP is has much better support for the database management system, MySQL. In fact, the very popular blogging platform, WordPress uses the formidable combination of PHP coding on MySQL for its content management system, which includes about hundreds of thousands of blog posts every single day. Another very popular and frequently updated service that uses the combination of PHP and MySQL is Wikipedia. ASP.net can also support MySQL, but PHP is unanimously hailed, by the masses and classes alike, for its great support for this database management system. People who use both PHP and ASP.net also maintain their opinion that PHP is better for embedded support with another database management system, viz. SQLite. SQLite is described as a relational database management system and since it is contained in a C programming library, PHP can provide better support to it. Then to run ASP.NET we again need Windows which we will need to buy which will again incur some cost. But in case of PHP, it can be run on Linux again an open source free of cost. PHP is comparatively older than ASP.NET but newer versions are launching time to time. So we get more help in coding purposes in harder modules We can get plenty of expertise in PHP at a lower cost than ASP.NET. Size will be smaller and it will cost less at the same time, easy fast to open at client side. When it comes to support, PHP wins over ASP.net. The main reason for this is that PHP is open source. Hence, the support can come freely from all over the world. In most cases, PHP fixes are made instantly. Being open source also ensures that there are very few snags in PHP. While, ASP.net could take a while to make fixes. That is because it is owned by Microsoft, and it is the development team of Microsoft that will need to respond to the support query. That could take more time than the worldwide open source support that PHP is able to get. Most PHP supports can be instantly found online by doing a simple search on the Internet. Some of the providers of support for PHP are Zend, NuSphere and ThinkPHP. . PHP is free and 70% of dynamic websites are made of PHP. ther supported programming language is used HTML, XHTML, CSS, PHP, JAVASCRIPT, AJAX, JQUARY, and SQL 4.2.2.2. Database Management System (DBMS) Research MySQL5 vs. SQL Server 2005 Features MySQL5 SQL Server 2005 Os Support Windows, Mac, Linux, Unix Windows NT Licensing Free Commercial Closed Source Install/Maintenance Process Heard Easy Graphical View Designer Yes Yes Multi Row value insert Yes No Triggers Yes Yes Graphical Explain Tool no additional charge No Yes Pluggable Storage Engine Yes No (Hsu Obe, 2008) I choose MySQL 5 because it is free and open source provide full support. Lighter than SQL Server 2005 and run from all operating system available in the market. Hardware and Software Requirements to run this web application 5. Analysis and Design 5.1.1. Questionnaire Analysis 1. Do you have an Internet connection at home? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user have internet connectivity at their home or office Justification The above pie chart shows that computer all users have internet connection at their home. But in reality Only 5.3% people use internet in India. (Rameshjeee, 2008) . 2. What kind of mobile phone do you use? Value Percent % Basic Phone 15% Java Phone 50% Smart Phone 30% Mobile Computer 5% Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose For designed Mobile site I need to know what kind of mobile are used by user. Justification Above chart shows that 15 % of user use basic phone which not able to connect with internet. But other 90% phone use can access internet from their mobile phone. JAVA based phone are not able to display mobile and WAP pages. But now days WAP services are out-dated. But latest JAVA based phone has inbuilt web browser it able to open any web site expect some flash based web site. So I as a developer try to design mobile site that can open from JAVA based phone. 3. Do you use internet in your mobile phone? Value Percent % YES 70% NO 30% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user use mobile internet connection. Justification The graph shows that 70% people use internet in their phone. So user can access this system from anywhere. 4. Which bowsers you used most? Value Percent % IE 20% Opera 10% Mozilla 40% Chrome 15% Safari 15% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Purpose To find that how many user using what browser. Justification This will help me to design the CSS of the web site. Because all browsers are interpret html data little different way. 6. Have you use any online virtual medical diagnosis or virtual doctor earlier? Value Percent % Yes 10% No 90% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification If I know what user like and kind of system he/she currently using then will it helps me to make better system. 7. In this system we offer two kind of medical diagnosis. Which one you prefer most? Value Percent % Software 25% Doctor 75% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification I want to know what kind of diagnosis like most by user. So majority of user want to diagnosis by Human doctor. 8. For what kind of diseases you like to use this online Smart Medical Diagnosis? Value Percent % Minor Issue 30% Common Diseases 70% All kind of diseases 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand when and in what condition patient want to use this system. 9. What kind of current technology is best for you to contact with a your Doctor through online? Value Percent % Text Chat 10% Voice Chat 20% Video Confersing 7% Email 0 Forum 0 Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand what kind of technology user want to contact with doctor. 70 % user said Video Confersing but at this movement this is not fisible for me to develop. So I desiced for to implemnt text chat first then I try to implement Video Confersing. 10. How this system will help you? Value Percent % Save Time Money 60% Increase your knowledge 30% When you dont get a doctor 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification This will help me to understand what kind of technology user want to contact with doctor. 70 % user said Video Confersing but at this movement this is not fisible for me to develop. So I desiced for to implemnt text chat first then I try to implement Video Confersing. 1. Do you think that it is possible to diagnosis patient using computer software? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification I just want know what a doctor think about this Smart Medical Diagnosis system concept. If doctors think it is not possible to make software that cans diagnosis a patients common diseases. Why he think it is not possible. If I figure out the solution then I can make this system. But above pie chart shows all doctor think that it is possible. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat? Summary Value Percent % YES 90% NO 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand how a doctor can diagnosis a patient through internet and what kind of problems the doctor face to diagnosis a disease through internet. This information will help me to design a better system that can be useful for a doctor. Above pie chart shows that 90% doctors are think that medical diagnosis for common diseases can be done using internet. 5. What kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? Value Percent % Minor Issue 100% Common Diseases 100% All kind of diseases 60% Statistics Choices Selected: 20 Total Responses: 20 Justification If I know what kind of diseases can be diagnosis through online? This will help to make the database and design. From above chart we come to know that doctors thinks minor issue and common diseases can be 100% diagnosis and cured by remote diagnosis using internet. 7. Do you think this system will help patient when they dont get a doctor nearby or patient dont have a time to visit a doctors clinic for a minor or common health issue ? Summary Value Percent % YES 100% NO 0% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand is this system going to help the user. And how can I make this system better. 2. Is it possible for a doctor to diagnosis a remote patient by using a text chat or video chat? Summary Value Percent % YES 90% NO 10% Statistics Choices Selected: 10 Total Responses: 10 Justification This will help me to understand how a doctor can diagnosis a patient through internet and what kind of problems the doctor face to diagnosis a disease through internet. This information will help me to design a better system that can be useful for a doctor. Above pie chart shows that 90% doctors are think that medical diagnosis for common diseases can be done using internet. 5.2. System Design After a thorough analysis and research, the developer is in acquisition with ample amount of information to model the proposed system. There are several ways to model and design systems, using different modelling diagrams. System models Abstract descriptions of systems whose requirements are being analysed Formal methods Techniques and notations for the unambiguous specification of software Objectives To explain why the context of a system should be modelled as part of the requirements engineering process To describe behavioural modelling, data modelling and object modelling To introduce some of the notations used in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) To introduce formal methods and formal modeling approachesin a timing sequence. The Unified Modelling Language Devised by the developers of object-oriented analysis and design methods 5.2.1. Requirement Analysis and Modelling After completing the requirement modelling it becomes easier to proceed with actual modelling such as Class diagrams, Database design and Interface design. To explain the state and behaviour of the classes to be used, the developer has decided to use the Class diagrams. Entity relationship diagrams will be used for the databases. As a developer I use use-case context diagram to specific user classes on the basis of audience classes. Some use-cases are designed to show some special goal. Use Case diagrams have been followed by Use Case specification (textual use-cases). Sequence Diagrams have also been used to explain those scenarios within the use case where group of objects will collaborate and communicate with each other in a timing sequence. 5.2.1.1. Use-Case Context Diagram 5.2.1.1.1. Use Case List ID Use Case Name Description 1 Login Allows user to login and gain access to their role specific user panel 2 Register Doctor Allows admin Register Doctor. 3 manage user account Allows authorized users to view, add, edit and delete Users. 4 Chat Allows patient to chat with doctor 5 manage patient Doctor can manage patient data 6 Customisation Edit web pages. Add, delete, create new pages using CMS 7 Medicine search Allows doctor to search medicine and its details. 8 Forum Allow user to create thread 9 health tools Allows user to use some health tools 10 Upload medical history Allows patient to upload their medical history 11 Symptom checker Check symptom for diseases 5.2.1.1.2. Actors Description ID Actor Name Description 1 Admin Administrator who manages, monitors, sets up the system as well as carry out certain company specific customisation. 2 Patient The user who manages and monitors operation within a single branch. 3 Doctor The office users who belong to a particular branch and carry out customer service duty as well as manage branch specific shipment. 6 Unregistered user Customer or Site Visitors who have not registered themselves with the company. 5.2.1.1. Use-Case Context Diagram Final Year Project Documentation Page | 18 Abhijit Roy (PTL00782212) Smart Medical Diagnosis for Common Diseases

Health Care Human Resources Management - 1315 Words

Running head: Health Care Management ` Assignment 1: Health Care Human Resources Management Policia Williams Dr. Jo-Rene Queensberry HSA 530: Human Resources Management in Health Care July 21, 2013 1. Analyze two (2) current trends in health care that are affecting human resources management that may likely impact your hiring decision as HR manager. Provide support for your analysis. Two trends in health care affecting human resources management that may likely impact your hiring decision as an HR manager are recruitment and retention and technological change. Recruitment and retention of the appropriate staff who meet the job requirements is very important. Currently as we know, there is a shortage of qualified†¦show more content†¦2. Suggest a significant opportunity for HR to become more of a strategic partner within an organization. Justify your response. In any organization it is important for HR to touch all levels of the organization and to understand the organization’s environment. An organization who values their employees cannot afford having a human resources department that does not function in a strategic partner role. Human resources professionals, in organizations are equipped with the knowledge, skills and abilities to work with talented senior leaders in an organization. They have the ability to successfully partner with eac h department within an organization to understand the overall business. HR professional can assist in designing strategic plans to balance the needs of the organization, the employees and the stakeholders. HR can help align efforts of the various functions within the organization with the established goals. They can support the organization’s functions by recruiting, developing and retaining company team members who are crucial. HR should be the driver of the organization’s values. 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To Use or Not to Use Singlish “Aiyah! so Headache!” Free Essays

Victoria University of Wellington School of Linguistics and Applied Languages Studies WRIT 101 – Writing English Assignment 2 – Persuasion Due Date: 20 September 2004 Name of Student: Chor Teck Daryl Toy To Use or Not To Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! So Headache! † + In recent years, there has been much concern on how Singaporeans use English. While some consider Singapore Colloquial English or Singlish as an undeniable part of being a Singaporean, others including the Government, deem it inferior, even condemn it, and support the use of Singapore Standard English almost relentlessly (Tan 2002). I shall attempt to address the following question, â€Å"Should Singlish be accepted and used or be abandoned? † I believe we need to use both Singlish and Standard English in order to be effective life-long communicators. We will write a custom essay sample on To Use or Not to Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! so Headache!† or any similar topic only for you Order Now We shall look into this argument in the context of education, the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code-switching, and the role of teachers in guiding students in the language acquisition process. Firstly, let us look at the development of English that eventually led to this language controversy in Singapore. English is one of the four official languages recognised in Singapore. It is the language medium used in education, in administration, and in the workforce, and is often used at home nowadays, along with the other ‘mother tongues’. Some, especially the younger families, have adopted English as their first language. Out of this multi-lingual background comes Singlish, which blends English with the other local languages, accents, dialects and slang. Singlish is used in informal ccasions, especially among children, adolescents, and the less-educated. If we were to spend some time mingling with Singaporeans and listening to the way we converse with each other, we may catch colloquial phrases like, â€Å"Why you so like dat? † â€Å"Eeee! You so kiasu one! † â€Å"Dun play-play with me! † â€Å"Do your work lah! † Such familiar terms can also be detected in local television programmes, like Under One Roof and Phua Chu Kang Pte Ltd, and in local fil ms, like Army Daze, Money No Enough and I Not Stupid. Indeed, Singlish has become an unofficial Singaporean icon, which I think, our friends from other countries can use to identify and differentiate who we are from other Asians! While Singlish is widely used in Singapore, it is often treated with disgust, even disdain and aversion, especially by the highly-educated and ‘language-purity’ advocates. Singlish is viewed as an embarrassing reflection of Singaporeans being ‘uncouth’ and ‘uneducated’, as contrast with Standard English. As former Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong once commented, â€Å"Poor English reflects badly on us †¦ and makes us seem less intelligent or competent. (Tan 2002) As Singlish is seen as ‘poor English’, attempts, such as the government-supported â€Å"Speak Good English Movement†, are set to propagate the proper use of the language among Singaporeans, mainly through the education system. Despite the various efforts made in condemning and even banning th e use of Singlish in Singapore, there is no denying that using this locally-conceived language is very much a part of being a true-blue Singaporean. We use it in our daily lives with our families, friends and even at work in our conversations. Linguists have noted that most children in Singapore would acquire Singlish first from their homes or in kindergartens, rather than Standard English (Gupta 2001, Deterding 1998). In some studies conducted on language acquisition, it is observed that adults used the low variety of a language to communicate with their children, who in turn use it to communicate with their peers (Ferguson 1959). In accordance to the language phenomenon of diglossia, it is argued that children would acquire language initially through its non-standard, colloquial, low variety, before learning its standard high variety through formal education. In line with the view mentioned above, some might feel that a little dose of Singlish used sometimes in the formal language acquisition process can help relax the already tense and stressful study atmosphere. Surely it would provide some lighter and humorous moments to the classroom. During my teaching stint in the primary school, I remember that my students would listen amusingly to my teaching, and appreciate my efforts in explaining complex terms with some occasional ‘lahs’ and ‘lehs’. Students, especially those yet to be competent enough to communicate in English, would find it easier to use a bit of Singlish to speak up in class at the initial stage of their learning. After all, don’t most students sometimes find it daunting to use the language they are learning, with an almost gripping fear of being ridiculed for their errors? Surely they would choose to approach the language through its low variety first, before working their way towards the high. Allowing them to use Singlish as a basis might help to create a safe environment for our students to eventually acquire Standard English in their language learning experience. However, as an English language teacher, I do advocate the need to use Standard English as part of our linguistic repertoire, since it is the language of administration, economy, and communication in Singapore, and a channel to communicate with other countries. As teachers, while we teach Standard English with its different genre, conventions, functions and its importance, we should gradually encourage our students to use the language in their lives. Nevertheless, we should bear in mind in our teaching our students’ linguistic background, which includes Singlish. Therefore, I suggest that we should use the sociolinguistic understanding of diglossia and code-switching in the language teaching and learning process. We, as parents and teachers, want our children and students to learn to communicate effectively as they grow. Therefore, we should teach them to identify and realise for themselves the different domains in which they have to switch between using Singlish and Standard English. We can do so through the means of modelling, conducting observations and discussions, to help them to differentiate the occasions for using Standard English or Singlish, and the various reasons for switching between these two varieties of language. For example, we use Standard English in answering questions, in writing, in presentations, and in sitting for examinations or tests, so as to get good grades as the examiners are able to comprehend what we present in our answers, and be convinced of our competency in acquiring the standard language. We also use Standard English as an essential tool to learn more about the world we live in. However, we use Singlish instead, when conversing with our family members and friends, ordering food from hawkers, and especially when idly chatting among ourselves. We would be seen as being ‘snooty’ or ‘distant’ if Standard English is used for these informal occasions. Using Singlish is also a way to make us feel at home with other Singaporeans, both local and overseas. In making such references to their prior knowledge and authentic life experiences, we help our students to realise how to switch between Singlish and Standard English according to the different domains. Thus, students can learn to be effective ‘language-variety-switchers’, and in turn feel proud of their Singaporean linguistic repertoire (Deterding 1998). To conclude, while we acknowledge the ‘popular’ use of Singlish among our students and Singaporeans, the use of Standard English should be strongly advocated as well. Singaporeans must realise the importance of learning Standard English, so as to be able to exercise our language repertoire confidently as effective life-long communicators. Indeed, the mastery of Standard English, together with the use of Singlish and our mother tongues, should imbue in us a sense of pride for our unique Singaporean language heritage. To Use or Not To Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! † â€Å"Headache so much for wat?! † â€Å"Use BOTH Singlish and Standard English lor! † Word Count: 1225 words References: Deterding, David 1998. Approaches to Diglossia in the Classroom: The Middle Way. REACT 2 (November), 18-23. Ferguson, Charles A. 1959. Diglossia. In Dell Hymes (ed. ) 1964. Language in Culture and Society. NY: Harcourt. 429 – 439. Holmes, Janet 2001. (2nd ed. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman. 27 – 34. Expat Singapore Pte. Ltd. Language – Singlish http://www. expatsingapore. com/general/language. htm (13 March 2001) Gupta, Anthea Fraser 2001. Linguistic Ecology of Singapore. Paper given at GNEL/MAVEN Conference â€Å"The Cultural Politics of English as a World Language† Freib urg, 6-9 June. Gupta, Anthea Fraser. Language Varieties – Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) http://www. une. edu. au/langnet/singlish. htm (8 April 2004) Tan, Hwee Hwee 2002. A War of Words Over ‘Singlish’, TIME Asia 160 (29 July), 3 How to cite To Use or Not to Use Singlish â€Å"Aiyah! so Headache!†, Essay examples

Legal Rules of Consideration free essay sample

Legal rules as to consideration: 1) Consideration must move at the desire of the promisor: the act done or loss suffered by the promise must have been done or suffered at the desire or request of the promisor. The act done at the desire of a third party or without the desire of the promisor cannot be a good consideration. It is not necessary that the promisor himself should be benefited by the acts of the promise. The benefit may be intended for a third party. But the desire or request of the promisor is essential. Example: A sees B’s house on fire and helps in extinguishing it. B did not ask for A’s help. A cannot demand payment for his service. 2) Consideration may more from the promisee or any other person: consideration can be given or supplied by the promise or any other person who is not a party to the contract. As long as there is a consideration it is not important who has given it. Therefore, a stranger to consideration can sue on a contract provided he is not a stranger to contract. This is known as the â€Å"doctrine of constructive consideration†. 3) Consideration may be past, present or future: consideration may be past, present or future. But according to English law, consideration may be present or future but never past. 4) Consideration need not be adequate: consideration need not be adequate to the promise, but it must be of some value in the eye of law. So long as consideration exists, the courts are not concerned as to its adequacy. Provided it is of some value. The adequacy of the consideration is of the parties to consider at the time of making the agreement. However, the inadequacy of the consideration may be taken into account by the court in determining the question whether the consent of the promisor was freely given.This is because inadequacy may suggest fraud, mistake or coercion etc. Example: Ali agrees to sell a car worth $2,000 for $200. Ali’s consent to the agreement was freely given. The agreement is a contract not withstanding the inadequacy of consideration. 5) Consideration must be real and not illusory: Although consideration need not be adequate, it must be real, competent and of some value in the eyes of the law. Real consideration is one which is not physically or legally impossible. If the consideration is physically impossible, vague or legally impossible, the contract cannot be enforced. ) Consideration must be lawful. The consideration for an agreement must be lawful. An agreement is valid if it is based on unlawful consideration. Consideration is unlawful: a) if it s forbidden by law or b) if of such a natural that if permitted it would defeat the provisions of nay law, or c) is fraudulent, or d) involves injury to the person or property of another, e) court regards it as immoral or opposed to public policy Example: I ) A promises to maintain B’s child and B promises to A $ 2000 yearly for the purpose. Here, the promise of each party is the consideration for the promise of the other party.These are lawful considerations. II ) A promises to obtain for B, an employment in the public services, and B promises to pay $ 800 to A. the agreement is void as the consideration for it is unlawful. 7) Consideration may be an act or abstinence or promise: Consideration may be a promise to do something or not to do something. So it may be either positive or Subject: BUSINESS LAW LECTURER: YUSUF O. GARAS ADMAS UNIVERSITY COLLEGE HARGEISA-MAIN CAMPUS negative. Consideration need not always be doing some act. It can be not doing an act also. ) Consideration must be something which the promisor is not already bound to do: a promise to do what one is already bound to do, either by general law or under an existing contract, is not a good consideration for a new promise. There will be no detriment to the promise or benefit to the promisor over and above their existing rights or obligations. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by a public servant is not a good consideration. Example: A promises to pay $ 200 to police officer for investigation into a crime. This promise is without consideration because the police officer is already bound to do so by law.Exceptions: There are, however, certain exceptions to the rule that past consideration is no consideration. Under the exceptions, past consideration is as good as present or future consideration. The exceptions are as follows: 1) Services rendered at the request of the promisor. When the consideration consists of services rendered at the request of the promisor, it is a good consideration. The request may be either express or implied. 2) Promise to pay a time-barred debt: where a debt is bound by limitation, the debtor can waive the benefit of that plea and promise to discharge the debt.Such a promise is enforceable. A time-barred debt can be taken as valid consideration for a subsequent promise. 3) Negotiable instrument: where a negotiable instruments is given in consideration of some past act, that past act will form as a good consideration for the issue of the negotiable instrument and the party who gets the instrument can validly enforce it. Unreal Considerations: in the following cases, the consideration is not legal because of physical or legal impossibility or uncertainty. The following are not real considerations. ) Physical impossibility: if a person agrees to perform an impossible act for a consideration, the promise is not enforceable. The promise is unreal. Discovering treasure by magic or making two parallel straight lines meet or putting life back into a dead body cannot be enforced as promises because of impossibility. 2) Legal impossibility: whenever the performance of a promise is legally impossible, consideration is not real. 3) Uncertain consideration: consideration is not real and is not enforceable if it is uncertain or ambiguous. Examples: A engages B for doing a certain work and promises to pay a â€Å"reasonable sum†.There is no recognized method of ascertaining the â€Å"reasonable† remuneration. The promise is not enforceable as it is uncertain. 4) Illusory consideration: an illusory consideration is not real and is unenforceable. Example: A promises to give B one ton of gold brought from the sun. the consideration is sham and illusory. 5) Pre-existing legal obligations: A promise to do what one is already bound to do, either by general law or under an existing contract, is not a good consideration for a new promise. Similarly, a promise to perform a public duty by a public servant is not a consideration.Real or Good Consideration: The following are good real or considerations: 1) Forbearance to sue: forbearance to sue is a kin of abstinence. It means a person who has a right of action against another person refrains from bringing the action. Forbearance to sue may be forever or for a short or limited time. Forbearance to sue at the desire of the debtor is a good consideration. Example: A has a right to sue his debtor B for $5000. But he postpones suing as B agreed to pay $ 2000 more. Such forbearance is a valuable consideration for the promise of B. 2) Compromise of a disputed claim: Compromise is a kind of forbearance. The compromise of a disputed claim is a good consideration for the fresh agreement of compromise. Example: A sues to recover a debt of $2000 from B. B denies the whole debt and promises to pay $500 to A as a sort of compromise. This compromise of B is supported by consideration and is valid. 3) Composition with Creditors: A person who is not in a position to pay his debts fully may call a meeting of his creditors and request them to accept a lesser amount. If the creditors and request them to accept a lesser amount. If the creditors agree to it, the agreement is binding upon the debtor and creditors.

Merchant Of Venice Shylock The Antagonist Essays - Orientalism

Merchant Of Venice: Shylock the Antagonist? In The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, there appears Shylock. He is a Jew, that much we are told in the cast list. But, as the play unfolds Shylock is seen to be the villian. He is protrayed as being cold, unbending, and evil. But is he? Is Shylock really the antagonist in this play or can he also be viewed as persecuted individual who resorts to revenge only after he has been pushed too far. To fully understand the character of Shylock we must first look at Elizabeathen attitudes towards Jews. In the sixteenth century Jews were rarely if ever seen in England. In the Middle Ages Jews had fled to England to escape persecution in France under the Normans. They were granted charter in England by Henry I in return for a percentage of their profits from trade and moneylending. It is here that the stereotype of Jews lending money was started. Because of the tariffs placed on them by the crown Jews took to charging high interest rates to secure profits for themselves. Here we see echos of Shylock with his usury. Finally the Jews were ordered out of England in 1254 by Edward I. They did not return to England until the later half of the seventeenth century. (Lippman 3-4) Jews were also viewed as devils by Elizabeathan audiences. Old stories portrayed them as "blood- thirsty murders" that poisoned wells and killed Christian children for their bizarre Passover ritu! als. (Stirling 2:1) These were the stereotypes which Shakespeare's audience held in regard to Jews. Shakespeare himself had never seen a Jew but he goes to great lengths to humanize Shylock even while perpetuating the stereotype. In Act 1:3, before Shylock ever says a word to Antonio, he lets the audience know in an aside that he hates Antonio. He hates him for having hindered him in business and for having humiliated him in public by spitting on him and calling him names such as "dog" and "cutthroat Jew". Shylock tells the audience he hopes to exact revenge on Antonio both for his own humiliation and for the persecution that the Jews have long suffered at the hands of the Christians. I hate him for he is a Christian;. . . If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him.He hates our sacred nation . . . Curs?d be my tribe if I forgive him (I,iii,40-49) Shylock then tells Antonio that he wants to be friends with him and will conclude the bond for a pound of flesh as a "merry sport." In the second act, however, he still seems to bear a deep grudge against the Christians, for he tells Jessica that he is going in hate and not in friendship to dine with them. "But yet I'll go in hate to feed upon the prodigal Christian. . . .I am right loath to go." (II,v,14-16) After Jessica's elopment, Shylock suspects Bassanio and Antonio of abetting her escape, and this suspicion increases Shylock's animosity toward Antonio. We learn later in the play that Antonio has personally rescued a number of debtors from Shylock's bonds when Antonio says "I oft delievered from his forfeitures; Many that have made moan to me." (III,iii,23-24) We also discover that Shylock cannot or will not explain his reasons for demanding Antonio's flesh. "But say it is my humor," is all the reason he is able to show. The sum of Shylock's motives for hatred is gi! ven in the rarely quoted lines b efore the famous "Hath not a Jew eyes": "He hath disgraced me, and hind'red me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies_and what's his reason? I am a Jew." (III,i,49-54) (Lippman 2) Shylock himself is an alien in a society geared towards Christians. His clothes, customs and race make him an object of scorn in Venetian society. We as a modern audience are bound to feel some sympathy for him. When Jessica runs away from home we realized that Shylock's most trusted prop has failed him, he placed absolute confidence in his daughter with his house and wealth. The fact that he cries out for his ducats as well as his daughter should not obscure the sense of keen personal loss he feels. " I say my daughter is my own flesh and blood." (III,i,34) We also see this when Tubal tells Shylock that Jessica has traded one of his rings for a monkey. Shylock's lamentation for his

Farenhiet 451 Essays - Marshmallow, Sugar Confectionery, Flame

Farenhiet 451 Essays - Marshmallow, Sugar Confectionery, Flame Farenhiet 451 IT was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed. With the brass nozzle in his fists, with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head, and his hands were the hands of some amazing conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning to bring down the tatters and charcoal ruins of history. With his symbolic helmet numbered 451 on 5 his stolid head, and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next, he flicked the igniter and the house jumped up in a gorging fire that burned the evening sky red and yellow and black. He strode in a swarm of fireflies. He wanted above all, like the old joke, to shove a marshmallow on a stick in the furnace, while the flapping pigeon-winged books died on the porch and lawn of the house. While the books went up in sparkling whirls and blew away on a wind turned dark with burning. 10 Montag grinned the fierce grin of all men singed and driven back by flame. He knew that when he returned to the firehouse, he might wink at himself, a minstrel man, burnt-corked, in the mirror. Later, going to sleep, he would feel the fiery smile still gripped by his face muscles, in the dark. It never went away, that. smile, it never ever went away, as long as he remembered.

Cross Cultural Management. Importance of Value Essay

Cross Cultural Management. Importance of Value - Essay Example Cross cultural management refers to a mechanism formulated to train people regarding the variations of practices, preferences, and culture in global business. With the lapse of time, diversity in practices, cultures, and preferences of consumers increase substantially, thereby increasing the need to bridge the communication gap by implementing cross cultural management. In management, cultural differences refer to varying taste, preferences, culture, likes and dislikes, ways of communications, norms, values, and beliefs of every culture. The objective of this paper is to examine the cultural variations in the light of scholarly articles as mentioned in two renowned models. An extensive study of Hofstede and Schwarts model will be done followed by a criticism of Hofstede model. These two models can be viewed in terms of how the business managers react to cross cultural management. The business managers face various sorts of cultural issues while performing their tasks e.g. workforce d iversity, language barriers, religious issues etc. Under these circumstances, it is highly effective for the business managers to understand these two cross cultural models and incorporate their effects in their organizational context. Importance of Value Hofstede and Schwartz have studies cross cultural values and their findings are in the subsequent parts of this section in order to gain acquaintance with importance of value and varying values in different culture. Hofstede Model Hofstede (1993) stated that when management theorists embark to other parts of the world, outside their own country, they encounter strange customers, beings, theories, organizing and disorganizing, immoral or old-fashioned ways of doing things. Some of them work but some of them fail to work. After gaining this experience, the traveler comes to home country and can use this experience advantageously. The purpose of the study of Hofstede (1993) was that all great ideas relating to management, politics, or science, have come from different parts of the world and have been enhanced by foreign influences. Hofstede (1993) examined the context of management from different parts of the world. Hofsetde (1993) reviewed the managerial culture of countries like Japan, France, China, Holland, Russia, Germany, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Hofstede (1993) stated that management is what is common among all countries but its context and meaning differ to a smaller or a larger extent from country to country. Hofstede (1993) further stated that it requires considerable cultural insight to understand the philosophies, processes, and problems. Further arguing, Hofstede (1993) stated that if management is such a broad word and it means so many varying things, then it cannot be expected that management theories of one country will be applicable to abroad as well. Management is related to government, politics, and school. It is present in beliefs and religion about science. Manag ement theories are interdisciplinary but as soon as national boundaries are crossed, it becomes more interdisciplinary. By stating so, Hofstede (1993) divided cultural difference into five dimensions. i. Power distance; inequality among people that is considered as normal among people ii. Individualism vs. collectivism; degree to which people of a country tend to act as individuals instead of a members of a group iii. Masculinity vs. femininity; where tough values like performance, assertiveness, success prevail over gentle values such warm relation, care, quality of life. iv. Uncertainty avoidance; people preferring planned situation over unstructured ones. v. Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation; long-term refers to values

Management Dissertation Proposal Proforma Research

Management Dissertation Proforma - Research Proposal Example Yes Degree Programme: MBA in Finance & Accounting Specialization Track: General _______ Finance ---X--- Marketing_______ [Please check as appropriate] Other___________________ (please specify) DATE: January 10, 2012Aims of dissertation Background of the research Financial markets across the world have been reporting increasing integration within the as well as across different boundaries. There are several factors that have drastically grown the financial markets in the last decades particularly in the developing countries and some of these factors are globalization, deregulation and advancement in technology (Abraham, Seyyed, and Al-Elg, 2001). Financial markets around the world are not uniform and this is the reason why an investor is able to make more profits then he should have by capitalizing on the opportunity created because of differences in prices (Masih, and Masih, 2002). Gain of one investor would result in the loss of another. However, if these markets are integrated and made uniform then an investor would not be able to make such gains (Stulz, 1981). With the passage of time, financial markets around the world have being integrated among themselves. The term market integration is referred to as a market where there are no obstacles for investors like legal restrictions, taxes, transaction costs etc (Solink, 1974). There are several advantages or benefits for integration among stock market and this is the reason why investors, financial analysts as well as policy markets have been paying considerable attention towards this subject. Some of the most important advantages of market integration are that investors investing in different parts of the world would expect the same amount of return from the investment as arbitrage opportunities would not exist. Also as the expected return would be the same therefore if an investor would like to earn higher return then it would have to take more risk and thus reward to risk ratio would be balanced. Also becaus e of market integration, the overall economy becomes more stabilized. It also encourages more people to make investment as there would be fewer chances of loss of investment as the overall productivity of the country would improve. If the Kuwait market is integrated with the global financial market, then the overall productivity and efficiency of the country would improve and more investment opportunities would emerge in the country. Also this would encourage more local business as well as foreign investors to invest in this market thus the GDP of the country would improve. These are the most important benefits that Kuwait market or any other market would experience if the financial market is integrated with the global market. Integration of financial market has become an important topic in today’s world as investors are able to invest in different markets in order to make the most of the opportunities prevailing in different regions (Kearney, and Lucey, 2004). Different scho lars and researchers have been focusing on this topic and considerable amount of research has already been done in order to analyze the impact of